跨文化交际

英语

答案仅供参考！！！！

为应付跨文化交际考试，只能出此下策。

一、案例分析中，通常第一问会问到“为什么会出现这样的情况？”

个人感觉从以下两点做回复：

• 两者之间存在文化差异

  The misunderstandings took place because cultural barriers got in the way.
  In fact, this story comes from cultural misunderstanding between XXX and XXX.
  

• 某人不了解这个文化差异

  XXX was angry because he never realized that in the XX culture such a diversity with them.
  

二、案例分析中，通常第二问会问到“如何解决这差异？”

个人感觉从以下三点做回复

• 两者都需要了解彼此的文化

  Both of them needed to have a better understanding of the culture of each other.
  

• 应该建立一个良好的跨文化交际

   For XXX,he is supposed to build a good intercultural communication, and what he should do first is to know the XX culture well.
  

• 应该诚恳地道歉，告诉他并不是意味着同样事

  smiling in XXX culture means not only someone is happy but also that he or she is sorry. 
  But for XX, this smile does not mean the same thing.
  By doing so XXX will truly believe that the sorry he made came from his honesty and sincerity. 
  

三、案例分析往年题目（*为出现次数）

1. 荷兰经理外包印度团队，任务拖拖拉拉（* *）

      (1) because he thought he hadn’t told the team to build it in a certain way, he simply had asked if it could be done!He expected that the technology design team would counter with another recommendation if his idea was inappropriate.
       (2) the Dutch and the Indian teams needed to have a better understanding of the culturally based expectations of each group.
   

2. 拉丁美洲哥们因靠近警察被捕（* *）

       (1) It is said that most middle-class North Americans choose a normal conversational distance of no closer than twenty-two inches from each other ’ s mouth. However, for people of certain South American and Caribbean cultures, the distance is approximately fifteen inches.
       (2) The Latin American was attempting to establish what for him was a comfortable conversational distance. Unfortunately, the policeman felt threatened because his personal space, as defined by his culture, was being violated.
   

3. 教授帮助女大学生，女大学生心怀感激，竟……（*）

       (1) He thought that it was Professor Stevens’ personal relation with Ms. Morin that helped to convince her to change her mind about his project. Ms. Morin agreed with Professor Stevens because he presented his suggestions in a calm, rational approach rather than originally thought. So Guangrui consider Professor Stevens a powerful man.
       (2) It is sadly true that a lot of Chinese people would try the personal way when they feel that the official way cannot help them achieve what they want.The meanings of “I know her” in Chinese means there is personal relationship with each other.In American, it just means somebody has some understanding to the other. 
   

4. 男女同事进入房间，女方竟然不关门？（*）

       (1) Given the fact that they were colleagues who trusted each other and that their relationship was not romantic, Kevin would have no sense that Lan Lan would feel the need to keep the door open to protect her reputation. Nor would he think that anyone else had the right to be able to see the two of them talking.
       (2) For a very long time in China, tradition has it that it is not appropriate for a man and a woman to be alone together in the same room.
   

5. 美国高层因为员工笑拒绝原谅他的失误（*）

       (1) for Peter, this smile does not mean the same thing. He regarded the smile not as a sorry but as smirking, a sign of disrespect.
       (2)What he should do is to lower his eyes while making the apology and look at Peter in the eye while assuring him, without wearing any smile on his face in both cases. By doing so Peter will truly believe that the sorry he made came from his  honesty and sincerity.
   

四、判断对错题

1. 正确错误均为1/2，建议完全不会的都蒙对或错，至少能得一半分。
2. 带有绝对的词语，如most，all等，多数情况是错误的。

五、判断对错往年题目（错误为B）

1. According to anthropologists, a race refers to an interbreeding population whose members share a number of important physical traits with one another, such as blood types, eye color and shape, skin color, and hair texture, to mention just a few.
2. According to anthropologists, culture may refer to our biological and genetic characteristics.【B】
3. All cultures are composed of material objects; ideas, values and attitudes; and patterned ways of behaving.
4. All belonging to the Western cultures, the Frenchmen and the Americans share the same child-rearing practices.【B】
5. Although Americans are encouraged to be autonomous, the self-autonomy is moderated by some social control mechanisms.
6. Americans do not attribute particular meaning to place of birth, family, heritage, traditional status, or other prescriptive considerations which can be used to define the self. 
7. Americans tend to view humankind as basically good, and are consequently more tolerant children finding their own way, learning from mistakes, trusting them to do what is right.
8. Americans tend to fragment personalities while an individual with ascription motivation tends to react to others as total or whole persons.
9. Americans tend to be relatively personalized and subjective in the conduct of social relations.【B】
10. Americans as a group tend to ignore or even rail against indirectness.
11. American culture is a feeling of general optimism toward the future because they believe in the idea of fatalism.
12. Americans used to identify themselves with only one political party. Today, however, Americans display a much more sophisticated and complex array of ideas and identifications, and do not necessarily limit themselves to only one political party.
13. An Indian's identity and, to a large degree, worth are established by accomplishments; an Indian is what an Indian achieves.【B】
14. As Leslie White stated so eloquently, the ability to symbolize is the single most important hallmark of humanity.
15. As the international system is saturated with natural competitions and struggles for power, much of American entertainment media today is fueled by the spirit of competition.
16. As members of the world, we have to agree with the views the others have, and we have to understand and respect the world view that leads members of that culture to have the beliefs and to behave as they do.【B】
17. At present people from different cultures interact more often than ever before, and misunderstandings even conflicts caused in the process of this interaction also decrease a fairly large extent.【B】
18. A dominant perception in American culture assumes that the world is spirit rather than material and should be exploited for the spirit pursuit of humanity.【B】
19. By means of the external performance of evaluation, Americans can know the self explicitly.
20. Cultural perspectives are the explicit and overt meanings shared by members of the culture, manifested in products and practices.【B】
21. Communication is a complex term for which there are numerous definitions. However, most definitions agree that communication is a symbolic process by which people shdared meanings.
22. Cultural perspectives are explicit, and at the same time they can be tacit or outside awareness.【B】
23. Culture can be transmitted genetically. Rather, it is acquired through the process of learning or interacting with one's cultural environment.
24. Culture shock is a form of psychological distress that can result in depression, overeating, or irritability.
25. Despite the emphasis on equality and formality, there is an element of depersonalization in relationships between Americans.
26. Emic perspectives are those of outsiders to the culture, who use their own criteria to explain the other's culture.【B】
27. Etic perspectives provide frameworks to describe, analyze, and explain a culture from the inside.【B】
28. Fundamental differences in views can be explained in terms of cultural perspectives.
29. For Americans, the word friend may serve to describe anyone from a passing acquaintance to a lifetime associate.
30. Given that many fundamental cultural perspectives are outside awareness, like the submerged bulk of the cultural iceberg, members may have difficulty in finding words to fully explain them.
31. Historically, many nations have dealt with immigrants by requiring that they assimilate to the majority culture; this approach is sometimes referred to as interculturalism.
32. In American culture, the present is more important than the past.
33. In nonscientific usage, the term culture refers to personal refinements such as classical music, the fine arts, world philosophy, and gourmet cuisine.
34. If people show strong emotional reactions, it generally signals that an important cultural perspective has been touched, called into question, or threatened in some way.
35. In American culture, decisions are more likely to be made by a group, and for no one individual or role occupant to assume responsibility for it.【B】
36. In our world of expanding technology and shrinking geography, people of different cultures have decreasing frequency of contact and need for effective communication on a daily basis. 【B】
37. Most Asian people implicitly assume that learning is an active process requiring performance by the learner, whose incentive to learn is either a future reward or the avoidance of punishment.【B】
38. Most Latin Americans and Africans tend to be relatively impartial and objective in the conduct of social relations, compared to the "personalized interactions found in many parts of the world,【B】
39. One area of activity that can be analyzed according to several dimensions is decision making and learning.
40. People inside of the culture tend to be aware of the cultural perspectives: they take them for granted.
41. Perspectives can be presented as a combination of perceptions, values, beliefs, and attitudes. They are the explicit and implicit meanings shared by members of the culture, manifested in products and practices.【B】
42. Some nations fear the spread of American popular culture because they see it as a corrupting force.
43. The concepts of civilization and culture are not interchangeable. While all civilizations are cultures, not all cultures are civilizations【B】
44. Typical American values are the sanctity of private property, the desirability of physical comfort, and the need for tangible measures of success, so values are relatively abstract and general.
45. The paternal benevolence and the nepotism in personalized interaction arc easily found in Asian, African, and Latin American cultures.
46. The cultural assumption of the concept of an individualistic self is so explicit that the Americans ordinarily do not question it.【B】
47. The causes of conflict within the United States have nothing to do with differing opinions about the role they should play in world affairs.【B】
48. The term intercultural refers to nations that have diverse cultural groups, usually as a result of immigration, while the term multicultural refers to the diversity among separate nations.【B】
49. The term multiculturalism refers to the view that immigrants should merge their cultures with the American culture and all cultural groups should be treated with respect’a&g
50. The concepts of civilization and culture are not interchangeable. While all civilizations are cultures, not all cultures are civilizations.
51. The term culture has received its most precise and thorough definition from the discipline of anthropology.【B】
52. "The American Dream" is a culture perspective that reflects a belief that anyone can achieve fame and fortune in the United States through the help of others.【B】
53. This belief of "the American Dream" is based upon values of inequality, collectivism, achievement, competition, and materialism.【B】
54. Values are relatively concrete, discrete, and specific.
55. Values are closely linked to beliefs, what we hold to be true or false, which also can never be made ejicit, with reflection.【B】
56. U.S. culture has many practices that reflect the pursuit of the American Dream, including establishing certain relationships, developing a career, and acquiring wealth, status, or respect.
57. When we use the term intercultural we are usually referring to cities like New York or Montreal that have diverse cultural groups rather than cultural diversity among nations.【B】
58. When two individuals of the same gender are seen holding hands, people in Korea always consider them love partners.【B】
59. While the discovery of tacit perspectives is possible, it is questionable whether all tacit perspectives can in fact be surfaced.
60. Worldview is used most often to describe the fundamental perceptions shared by members of a culture.

六、翻译

1.In essence,globalization is about integration at international level.
2.Within this communication framework, the concept of access is central.
 全球化本质上是国际层面上的融合。很多情况下，全球化是经济的融合，由商业活动和贸易协定所推动。在其他情况下，全球化也可以是意识形态的融合，是不同思想和观点在国家和地区之间的交流。但是无论是哪种情况，全球化都包含一个最重要的因素，即交际。有效的交际为个人提供所需信息，使他们能够作为消费者、工人和公民参与今天的全球化社会的活动。只有通过在全球范围内进行有效的信息共享，才能使诸如从国际贸易政策到MP3文件传播的活动真正具有国际的本质。
    在这样的交际框架下，使用权的概念尤其重要。也就是说，只有对重要信息具有使用权，人们才可以有效地加入到今天有关商品、服务和思想的全球市场中来。反过来，使用权经常依赖于提出和交流思想所用到得媒体和技术。事实上，就全球化而言，信息使用所必需的媒体通常是电子媒体或网络媒体。这些媒体之所以重要，就在于它们的快速性和直接性。它们使得个人可以在全球范围内发现并交流信息。比如说，电子邮件可以让一个身处波士顿的人与住在北京的某个人快速便捷的进行信息交流，就像这个人在同街对面的某个邻居进行交流一样。

The usage of “cultural” and “civilization” in various languages has been confusing.
    “文化”和“文明”两个词在许多语言中的使用一直混淆不清。《韦氏完整版大词典》对这两个词的定义也是相互解释的：“文化”即是文明中的一个特别的进步阶段或者状态；“文明”则是社会文化的进步。虽然“文明”一词有时仅指“先进的”或者“高级的”的文化，但是在普通以及书面英语里，一直是倾向于把这两个词当作近义词。总体上，这种倾向也反映在作为社会科学中的文学中。戈登威泽1922年写的人类学导论，书名就是《早期文明》。书中有关“文化”的全部引用索引都被归入“文明”一词之下。有些作者反复地使用“文化或者文明”或“文明或者文化”这些措辞。萨姆纳与凯勒也遵循这种惯例，不过，两人至少在一个地方曾明确表示，二者在概念上仍略有差异：我们所称作的文明就是社会调整，它构成了比先前文化更为复杂的聚合体。

1.Since some universal skills for intercultural communication apply across all cultures, 
2.In examining a culture from the inside to gain as much understanding as possible,
    既然有些跨文化交际的技能是所有文化普遍使用的，我们就可以有效地运用客位的(文化通用的)方法。但要制作一个具体文化的范式，我们也需要运用主位的方法。因此，为了准确描述文化差异，我们需要深入地调查我们打算与之交际的文化。理想情况下，通过主位的方法，不断提高差异意识，应该会产生我们与他人不同的观念，而不总是他人与我们不同的观念。培养人们对差异存在的敏感性是熟练进行跨文化交际的第一步。跨文化交际能力和具体文化交际能力应该被看作是两个独立的概念，二者同时起作用，共同促进特定跨文化交往的成功。
为了获得对一个文化的最大认识而从该文化内部进行研究时，我们应该警惕任何文化差异，这些差异很有可能造成交际问题，但可能与任何外部范畴都不相符。我们要记住：文化不是静止的，而是活跃的，是不断发展和演化的。理想情况是，我们要学会在遇到任何不熟悉或冒犯性的语言或非语言行为时，不要匆忙做出判断，而要问问自己，“这么做有什么用，或者这样的行为是如何起源于文化的？”或者偶尔可以问问，“这个讨厌的行为真的是他或她本人的真实体现吗？”

Values are another feature of every culture. According to peoples, values are “critical to the maintenance of culture as a whole because they represent the qualities that people ”
    价值观是所有文化的另一个特点。对不同民族来说，价值观对于保持文化整体性是至关重要的，因为它们代表了对于延续人们生活方式来说最基本的品质。价值观和文化之间的联系非常密切，很难在不涉及一方的前提下去谈论另一方。正如麦休尼斯所指出的，价值观从文化上定义了愿望、善良和美好的标准，这些标准形成了社会生活的广义指导原则。在关于文化价值观的任何讨论中，关键词都是指导原则。换言之，价值观帮助确立了人们应该怎样行为表现的原则。根据文化差异程度的不同，人们可以预期跨文化交际的参与者在相似的环境下可能会预见到、表现出不同的行为。例如，尽管所有文化都重视长者，不同文化中重视的程度却是很不相同。在韩国和美洲印第安文化中，人们高度尊敬甚至崇敬长者，进而向他们寻求建议，进行咨询。当然，与之形成鲜明对比的是美国文化，青年是重视的焦点。

答案仅供参考！！！！