@xiezheng
2021-10-17T02:14:27.000000Z
字数 8461
阅读 368
英文写作
课程笔记
Stanford的Writing in the Science公开课:
Youtube 链接:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7MSLdv6U956caUxMGr7c0sBD7ZIP-Nie
哔哩哔哩链接:
https://www.bilibili.com/video/av47987044/
什么是优秀的写作?
1)优秀的写作要清晰且有效地传达观点(最重要的) --> 言之有物和逻辑清晰
2)优秀的写作是优雅且独具风格的 --> 反复修改和一个好的指引者
什么铸就好的作者?
注:优秀的写作是可以后天学习的!
每写一个句子, 四问自己:
本次课程的主题:
常见冗余
毫无意义的词和短语
As it is well known
As it has been shown
It can be regarded that
It should be emphasized that
空的词和短语
basic tenets of
methodologic
important
可以缩短的长的词和短语
A majority of --- most
A number of --- many
Are of the same opinion --- agree
Less frequently occurring --- rare
All three of the --- the three
Give rise to --- cause
Due to the fact that --- because
Have an effect on --- affect
Based on the assumption that --- if
没有必要的术语和缩写
重复的词或短语
studies/examples
illustrate/demonstrate
challenges/difficulties
successful solutions
副词
very, really, quite, basically, generally, etc.
去掉否定
Not honest --- dishonest
Not harmful --- safe
Not important --- unimportant
Does not have --- lacks
Did not remember --- forgot
Did not pay attention to --- ignored
Did not succeed --- failed
去掉不必要的“there are/there is”
There are many ways in which we can arrange the pulleys. ---> We can arrange the pulleys in many ways.
The data confirm that there is an association between vegetables and cancer. ---> The data confirm an association between vegetables and cancer.
去掉不必要的介词
通常'that'和'on'是没用的
The meeting happened on Monday. --->The meeting happened Monday.
They agreed that it was true. --->They agreed it was true.
主动语态
被动语态
例子:被动语态
[My first visit to Boston][主语] will always be [remembered][动词] by [me][宾语].
问题:被动语态不直接,并且存在头重脚轻的问题。
改成主动语态:
I will always remember my first visit to Boston.
使用主动语态,更直接!
注意:被动语态不直接,避免存在头重脚轻的问题。
例子1:
被动语态:
A recommendation was made by the DSMB committee that the study be
halted.
主动语态:
The DSMB committee recommended that the study be halted.
例子2:
被动语态:
Major differences in the reaction times of the two study subject were found.
主动语态:
We observed Major differences in the reaction times of the two study subject.
例子3:
被动语态:
It was concluded by the editors that the data had been falsified by the
authors.
主动语态:
The editors c onclude that the authors falsified the data.
尽量使用强动词:使用富有活力的动词
例子:
came from --> exploded from
moved --> shook
got --> leaped
尽量避免把动词换成名词
例子:
Obtain estimates of --> estimate
Has seen an expansion in --> has expanded
Provides a methodologic emphasis --> emphasizes methodology
Take an assessment of --> assess
Provide a review of --> review
Offer confirmation of --> confirm
Make a decision --> decide
Shows a peak --> peaks
Provide a description of --> describe
are a consequence of --> result from
不要隐藏重要动词:在句子开始尽快给出主语和动词,两者尽量离得近一些。读者在等待句子的动词。
例子:
Important studies to examine the descriptive epidemiology of autism, including the prevalence and changes in the characteristics of the population over time, have begun.
问题:主语和主要动词离得过远,中间还插入了一个从句,更加显得头重脚轻。
-->
studies have begun to describe the epidemiology of autism, including recent changes in the disorder's prevalence and characteristics.
Data是复数,“Data are”而不是“Data is”
Affect = to influence, effect = the noun form of this influence
compared to vs. compared with
compared to: to point out similarities between different things
compared with (经常用于科技论文): to point out differences between similar things
That/which:
“That” 是 the restrictive (defining) pronoun 限定代词。that引导的句子不能被删除。
“Which” 是 the nonrestrictive (non-defining) pronoun 非限定代词, 需用逗号隔开。which引导的句子可以被删除。
例句:
The vial that contained her RNA was lost.
The vial, which contained her RNA, was lost.
为了避免性别选择,使用复数
例子:
Each student worries about her grade. ---> All students worry about their grades
逐渐递增的分割能力:
comma: 逗号, colon:冒号, dash:破折号, parentheses:圆括号, semicolon:分号, period:句号
semicolon 分号
The semicolon connects two independent clauses.
例句:
It was the best of times; it was the worst of times.
Semicolons are also used to separate items in lists that contain internal
punctuation.
parentheses 圆括号
圆括号中的内容一般用于解释,删除其不改变句子意思。
colon 冒号
可接:列举、引用、解释、结论或引申
例句 :
Washington has a simple solution to most governments it doesn’t like:
isolate them, slap sanctions on them, and wait for their downfall.
华盛顿有一个简单的办法来对付大多数它不喜欢的政府: 孤立他们,制裁他们,等待他们垮台。
dash 破折号
破折号: 在句子任意位置插入,用于强调或插入一个突然的定义或者描述
不要滥用破折号!
冒号和破折号都可以表示连接和浓缩作用,表列举,解释
段落技巧
逻辑流方式
repetition 重复
当你在某个句子甚至某段落中重复使用一个词时,问自己两个问题:
注意:在科学文章中,同义词容易使读者产生误解,所以一句话中可以重复使用同一个单词。
缩写
写作步骤
写作准备(分配70%时间)
写草稿(分配10%时间)
修改草稿(分配20%时间)
写作准备 Tips:
在写第一版草稿之前,先收集和组织信息
写草稿 Tips:
- 不要想做一个完美主义者
- 第一版草稿的目的是把ideas按照顺序写成完整的语句
- 多关注逻辑结构,而不是语句层次的细节
- 对于大多数人来说,写第一版草稿是最困难的一步。快速高效地写完第一版草稿,最小化痛苦
- 草稿到论文标准还有很长的路要走
大声朗读你的草稿
The brain processes the spoken word differently than the written word!
动词检查
去除冗余
做一次审核
获得他人的反馈建议
让没有任何技术背景的人阅读你的文章,他们可以很容易的抓住:
获得写作帮助
Find a good editor to edit your work!
一致性检查
方法部分和结果部分表达是否一致?
数值一致性检查
abstract 和 tables/figures/text的数值表达是否一致?
引用检查
论文格式是否符合会议要求
语法错误,单复数问题,定冠词问题
图和caption是否清晰明了,caption不太太长
文中格式是否符合公式标准,是否有符号重复使用
重要:列好论文检查的TodoList, 包括语法,格式,图表,论文结构,语句表达等等,一一检查。
推荐的初稿顺序:(很重要!)
Tables and Figures 是你故事的基础
Figures的特点
Tables的特点
Tables Tips:
Tips of Graphs
Result != Raw Data
Introduction 需解决以下问题:(重要!)
Introduction 分段
一般是3段式,推荐2-5段
保持语言简洁
写作中最具挑战性的部分
Tips for Discussion section
动词语态
Abstract 主要组成
Abstract:定义问题,大致背景,当前方法的局限性,我们方法简单介绍,亮点是什么,实验结果如何,未来研究方向等