2016-2-16

English

http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/gut-microbes-lessen-mice-malarial-malaise/#

Malaria（疟疾；瘴气） infection（n. 感染；传染） begins when a mosquito（蚊子） injects the Plasmodium（n. [无脊椎] 疟原虫；变形体） parasite（n. 寄生虫；食客）into the blood. But getting sick is not a certain outcome. "The vast majority of people really only develop either mild malaria or even asymptomatic（adj. 无症状的） infections." Nathan Schmidt, a cellular immunologist（n. 免疫学者） at the University of Louisville. "It's a very small subset of the hundreds of millions of cases that progress to severe malaria."

Some of the variation（n. 变化；[生物] 变异，变种） in illness severity（严重性） is genetic. Or whether the patient is partially immune, thanks to past exposures. But Schmidt and his colleagues have found another factor that could influence the disease: the host's microbiome（微生物组）.

The first clue came during an experiment in lab mice: even though the mice were almost identical genetically, mice that had been bought from different vendors showed variability in their response to infection by the malaria parasite. Turns out, the mice had different microbiomes.

So the researchers did more tests—they transplanted the gut（n. 内脏；肠子） bugs of both the resistant（adj. 抵抗的） and the susceptible（adj. 易受影响的） animals into other mice that had no gut bacteria（n. 细菌）. And again, mice that now had the resistant microbial（adj. 微生物的） mix were spared the worst of a malaria infection—possibly through some sort of 'booster（A booster is something that increases a positive or desirable quality. 产生提升作用的事物） effect' on their immune system thanks to the microbes. The study appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [Nicolas F. Villarino et al, Composition of the gut microbiota modulates the severity of malaria]

As for optimizing our microbiomes? "I think that we're pretty far away from this having any kind of real therapeutic（adj. 治疗的；） potential for humans." Yogurt alone, for example, did not much help the mice. But if and when we do find the right recipe for the anti-malarial microbiome, the researchers say, it could lessen（vt. 使…变小；使…减轻） the parasite's effects. And perhaps save thousands of lives.