《第二语言习得概论》读书笔记

读书笔记 学习笔记 教学法 教学理论

---

书籍简介：

• 图书名称：第二语言习得概论
• 英文名称：Understanding Second Language Acquisition
• 系列名称：牛津应用语言学丛书
• 作者：Rod Ellis
• 出版社：上海外语教育出版社

1 Key issues in Second Language Acquisition

What is second language acquisition (SLA)?

• SLA as a uniform phenomenon
  
  • SLA is diversified and complex, influenced by both learners and the learning situation.
  • the study of SLA interests in the relatively stable and generalizable aspects.
• Second language acquisition vs first language acquisition
  
  • SLA and L1 acquisition are similar but different processes.
• Second language acquisition vs foreign language acquisition
  
  • Second LA is not intended to contrast with foreign LA.
  • SLA is a general term embraces both untutored (or 'naturalistic') acquisition and tutored (or 'classroom') acquisition.
• The centrality of syntax and morphology
  
  • This book is largely confined to syntax (grammatical sub-systems) and morphology (such as the plural or the definite and indefinite articles).
• Competence vs performance
  
  • According to Chomsky (1965), competence consists of the mental representation of linguistic rules which constitute the speaker-hearer's internalized grammar.
  • Performance consists of the comprehension and production of language.
  • SLA research is about performance; it looks at actual utterances. But these are treated as evidence for what is going on inside the learner's head.
  • One of the major problems of SLA research has been precisely to what extent competence can be inferred from performance.
• Acquisition vs learning
  
  • In this book, the term 'second language acquisition' refers to the subconscious or conscious processes by which a language other than the mother tongue is learnt in a natural or a tutored setting.

The role of the first language (Ch. 2)

• language transfer (positive & negative)
• contrastive analysis hypothesis
• other roles for the L1 in SLA

The 'natural' route of development (Ch. 3)

• L2 = L1 hypothesis
• L2 = L1 hypothesis was investigated in two different ways:
  
  • through the analysis of learner errors
    
    • A large proportion of developmental-type errors was evidence that the processes of L1 acquisition and SLA were similar.
    • work out an order of development based on error frequencies (例如，使用复数的出错频率高于使用代词的出错频率，那么应把代词的学习放在复数学习之前)
  • longitudinal studies of L2 learners

Contextual variation in language-learner language (Ch. 4)

• Learners perform differently in different situations, but it is still possible to predict how they will behave in specific situations, then systematicity of their behaviour can be captured by means of variable rules.
• two types of contextual variation
  
  • situational context
  • linguistic context

Individual learner differences (Ch. 5)

• SLA research has examined five general factors that contribute to individual learner differences in some depth:
  
  • age (eg. adult vs children)
    
    • route of learning
    • rate of learning
  • aptitude
  • cognitive style
  • motivation
  • personality

The role of the input (Ch. 6)

Learner processes

• learner strategies
  
  • learning strategies
  • production strategies
  • communication strategies

2 The role of the first language

3 Interlanguage and the 'natural' route of development

4 Variability in interlanguage

5 Individual learner differences and Second Language Acquisition

6 Input, interaction, and Second Language Acquisition

7 Learner strategies

8 The Universal Hypothesis and Second Language Acquisition

9 The role of formal instruction in Second Language Acquisition

10 Theories of Second Language Acquisition

Conclusion