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@yangfch3 2016-05-20T08:05:58.000000Z 字数 11761 阅读 4393

Curl

shell

curl 是什么？

curl 的存在有两种形式：一种是编程用的函数库，一种是命令行工具，作用是发出网络请求，支持多种协议，然后得到和提取数据，显示在"标准输出"（stdout）上面。

curl -h

  1. Usage: curl [options...] <url>
  2. Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only
  3.      --anyauth       Pick "any" authentication method (H)
  4.  -a, --append        Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)
  5.      --basic         Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)
  6.      --cacert FILE   CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)
  7.      --capath DIR    CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)
  8.  -E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD]  Client certificate file and password (SSL)
  9.      --cert-status   Verify the status of the server certificate (SSL)
  10.      --cert-type TYPE  Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
  11.      --ciphers LIST  SSL ciphers to use (SSL)
  12.      --compressed    Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)
  13.  -K, --config FILE   Read config from FILE
  14.      --connect-timeout SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for connection
  15.  -C, --continue-at OFFSET  Resumed transfer OFFSET
  16.  -b, --cookie STRING/FILE  Read cookies from STRING/FILE (H)
  17.  -c, --cookie-jar FILE  Write cookies to FILE after operation (H)
  18.      --create-dirs   Create necessary local directory hierarchy
  19.      --crlf          Convert LF to CRLF in upload
  20.      --crlfile FILE  Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file
  21.  -d, --data DATA     HTTP POST data (H)
  22.      --data-raw DATA  HTTP POST data, '@' allowed (H)
  23.      --data-ascii DATA  HTTP POST ASCII data (H)
  24.      --data-binary DATA  HTTP POST binary data (H)
  25.      --data-urlencode DATA  HTTP POST data url encoded (H)
  26.      --delegation STRING  GSS-API delegation permission
  27.      --digest        Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)
  28.      --disable-eprt  Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)
  29.      --disable-epsv  Inhibit using EPSV (F)
  30.      --dns-servers   DNS server addrs to use: 1.1.1.1;2.2.2.2
  31.      --dns-interface  Interface to use for DNS requests
  32.      --dns-ipv4-addr  IPv4 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation
  33.      --dns-ipv6-addr  IPv6 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation
  34.  -D, --dump-header FILE  Write the headers to FILE
  35.      --egd-file FILE  EGD socket path for random data (SSL)
  36.      --engine ENGINE  Crypto engine (use "--engine list" for list) (SSL)
  37.  -f, --fail          Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)
  38.      --false-start   Enable TLS False Start.
  39.  -F, --form CONTENT  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
  40.      --form-string STRING  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
  41.      --ftp-account DATA  Account data string (F)
  42.      --ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND  String to replace "USER [name]" (F)
  43.      --ftp-create-dirs  Create the remote dirs if not present (F)
  44.      --ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD]  Control CWD usage (F)
  45.      --ftp-pasv      Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)
  46.  -P, --ftp-port ADR  Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)
  47.      --ftp-skip-pasv-ip  Skip the IP address for PASV (F)
  48.      --ftp-pret      Send PRET before PASV (for drftpd) (F)
  49.      --ftp-ssl-ccc   Send CCC after authenticating (F)
  50.      --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode ACTIVE/PASSIVE  Set CCC mode (F)
  51.      --ftp-ssl-control  Require SSL/TLS for FTP login, clear for transfer (F)
  52.  -G, --get           Send the -d data with a HTTP GET (H)
  53.  -g, --globoff       Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []
  54.  -H, --header LINE   Pass custom header LINE to server (H)
  55.  -I, --head          Show document info only
  56.  -h, --help          This help text
  57.      --hostpubmd5 MD5  Hex-encoded MD5 string of the host public key. (SSH)
  58.  -0, --http1.0       Use HTTP 1.0 (H)
  59.      --http1.1       Use HTTP 1.1 (H)
  60.      --http2         Use HTTP 2 (H)
  61.      --ignore-content-length  Ignore the HTTP Content-Length header
  62.  -i, --include       Include protocol headers in the output (H/F)
  63.  -k, --insecure      Allow connections to SSL sites without certs (H)
  64.      --interface INTERFACE  Use network INTERFACE (or address)
  65.  -4, --ipv4          Resolve name to IPv4 address
  66.  -6, --ipv6          Resolve name to IPv6 address
  67.  -j, --junk-session-cookies  Ignore session cookies read from file (H)
  68.      --keepalive-time SECONDS  Wait SECONDS between keepalive probes
  69.      --key KEY       Private key file name (SSL/SSH)
  70.      --key-type TYPE  Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
  71.      --krb LEVEL     Enable Kerberos with security LEVEL (F)
  72.      --libcurl FILE  Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line
  73.      --limit-rate RATE  Limit transfer speed to RATE
  74.  -l, --list-only     List only mode (F/POP3)
  75.      --local-port RANGE  Force use of RANGE for local port numbers
  76.  -L, --location      Follow redirects (H)
  77.      --location-trusted  Like '--location', and send auth to other hosts (H)
  78.      --login-options OPTIONS  Server login options (IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
  79.  -M, --manual        Display the full manual
  80.      --mail-from FROM  Mail from this address (SMTP)
  81.      --mail-rcpt TO  Mail to this/these addresses (SMTP)
  82.      --mail-auth AUTH  Originator address of the original email (SMTP)
  83.      --max-filesize BYTES  Maximum file size to download (H/F)
  84.      --max-redirs NUM  Maximum number of redirects allowed (H)
  85.  -m, --max-time SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for the transfer
  86.      --metalink      Process given URLs as metalink XML file
  87.      --negotiate     Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication (H)
  88.  -n, --netrc         Must read .netrc for user name and password
  89.      --netrc-optional  Use either .netrc or URL; overrides -n
  90.      --netrc-file FILE  Specify FILE for netrc
  91.  -:, --next          Allows the following URL to use a separate set of options
  92.      --no-alpn       Disable the ALPN TLS extension (H)
  93.  -N, --no-buffer     Disable buffering of the output stream
  94.      --no-keepalive  Disable keepalive use on the connection
  95.      --no-npn        Disable the NPN TLS extension (H)
  96.      --no-sessionid  Disable SSL session-ID reusing (SSL)
  97.      --noproxy       List of hosts which do not use proxy
  98.      --ntlm          Use HTTP NTLM authentication (H)
  99.      --oauth2-bearer TOKEN  OAuth 2 Bearer Token (IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
  100.  -o, --output FILE   Write to FILE instead of stdout
  101.      --pass PASS     Pass phrase for the private key (SSL/SSH)
  102.      --path-as-is    Do not squash .. sequences in URL path
  103.      --pinnedpubkey FILE/HASHES Public key to verify peer against (SSL)
  104.      --post301       Do not switch to GET after following a 301 redirect (H)
  105.      --post302       Do not switch to GET after following a 302 redirect (H)
  106.      --post303       Do not switch to GET after following a 303 redirect (H)
  107.  -#, --progress-bar  Display transfer progress as a progress bar
  108.      --proto PROTOCOLS  Enable/disable PROTOCOLS
  109.      --proto-default PROTOCOL  Use PROTOCOL for any URL missing a scheme
  110.      --proto-redir PROTOCOLS   Enable/disable PROTOCOLS on redirect
  111.  -x, --proxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT]  Use proxy on given port
  112.      --proxy-anyauth  Pick "any" proxy authentication method (H)
  113.      --proxy-basic   Use Basic authentication on the proxy (H)
  114.      --proxy-digest  Use Digest authentication on the proxy (H)
  115.      --proxy-negotiate  Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication on the proxy (H)
  116.      --proxy-ntlm    Use NTLM authentication on the proxy (H)
  117.      --proxy-service-name NAME  SPNEGO proxy service name
  118.      --service-name NAME  SPNEGO service name
  119.  -U, --proxy-user USER[:PASSWORD]  Proxy user and password
  120.      --proxy1.0 HOST[:PORT]  Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port
  121.  -p, --proxytunnel   Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)
  122.      --pubkey KEY    Public key file name (SSH)
  123.  -Q, --quote CMD     Send command(s) to server before transfer (F/SFTP)
  124.      --random-file FILE  File for reading random data from (SSL)
  125.  -r, --range RANGE   Retrieve only the bytes within RANGE
  126.      --raw           Do HTTP "raw"; no transfer decoding (H)
  127.  -e, --referer       Referer URL (H)
  128.  -J, --remote-header-name  Use the header-provided filename (H)
  129.  -O, --remote-name   Write output to a file named as the remote file
  130.      --remote-name-all  Use the remote file name for all URLs
  131.  -R, --remote-time   Set the remote file's time on the local output
  132.  -X, --request COMMAND  Specify request command to use
  133.      --resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS  Force resolve of HOST:PORT to ADDRESS
  134.      --retry NUM   Retry request NUM times if transient problems occur
  135.      --retry-delay SECONDS  Wait SECONDS between retries
  136.      --retry-max-time SECONDS  Retry only within this period
  137.      --sasl-ir       Enable initial response in SASL authentication
  138.  -S, --show-error    Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur
  139.  -s, --silent        Silent mode (don't output anything)
  140.      --socks4 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port
  141.      --socks4a HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port
  142.      --socks5 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port
  143.      --socks5-hostname HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy
  144.      --socks5-gssapi-service NAME  SOCKS5 proxy service name for GSS-API
  145.      --socks5-gssapi-nec  Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server
  146.  -Y, --speed-limit RATE  Stop transfers below RATE for 'speed-time' secs
  147.  -y, --speed-time SECONDS  Trigger 'speed-limit' abort after SECONDS (default: 30)
  148.      --ssl           Try SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
  149.      --ssl-reqd      Require SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
  150.  -2, --sslv2         Use SSLv2 (SSL)
  151.  -3, --sslv3         Use SSLv3 (SSL)
  152.      --ssl-allow-beast  Allow security flaw to improve interop (SSL)
  153.      --ssl-no-revoke    Disable cert revocation checks (WinSSL)
  154.      --stderr FILE   Where to redirect stderr (use "-" for stdout)
  155.      --tcp-nodelay   Use the TCP_NODELAY option
  156.  -t, --telnet-option OPT=VAL  Set telnet option
  157.      --tftp-blksize VALUE  Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512)
  158.  -z, --time-cond TIME  Transfer based on a time condition
  159.  -1, --tlsv1         Use >= TLSv1 (SSL)
  160.      --tlsv1.0       Use TLSv1.0 (SSL)
  161.      --tlsv1.1       Use TLSv1.1 (SSL)
  162.      --tlsv1.2       Use TLSv1.2 (SSL)
  163.      --trace FILE    Write a debug trace to FILE
  164.      --trace-ascii FILE  Like --trace, but without hex output
  165.      --trace-time    Add time stamps to trace/verbose output
  166.      --tr-encoding   Request compressed transfer encoding (H)
  167.  -T, --upload-file FILE  Transfer FILE to destination
  168.      --url URL       URL to work with
  169.  -B, --use-ascii     Use ASCII/text transfer
  170.  -u, --user USER[:PASSWORD]  Server user and password
  171.      --tlsuser USER  TLS username
  172.      --tlspassword STRING  TLS password
  173.      --tlsauthtype STRING  TLS authentication type (default: SRP)
  174.      --unix-socket FILE    Connect through this Unix domain socket
  175.  -A, --user-agent STRING  Send User-Agent STRING to server (H)
  176.  -v, --verbose       Make the operation more talkative
  177.  -V, --version       Show version number and quit
  178.  -w, --write-out FORMAT  Use output FORMAT after completion
  179.      --xattr         Store metadata in extended file attributes
  180.  -q                  Disable .curlrc (must be first parameter)

curl url

直接在 curl 命令后加上网址，就可以看到网页源码。以网址 www.sina.com 为例：

  1. $ curl www.sina.com
  1. <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
  2.     <html>
  3.         <head>
  4.             <title>301 Moved Permanently</title>
  5.         </head>
  6.     <body>
  7.         <h1>Moved Permanently</h1>
  8.         <p>The document has moved
  9.             <a href="http://www.sina.com.cn/">here</a>
  10.         </p>
  11.     </body>
  12. </html>

curl -o

使用 -o 参数需要，将返回信息转存至文本文件（新建或现有文件）。

  1. $ curl -o index.html www.sina.com

curl -L

当访问的网址有重定向等跳转机制时，使用 -L 参数可以实现自动跳转。

  1. $ curl -L www.sina.com

会自动跳转到 www.sina.com.cn。

curl -i(I)

-i 参数可以显示 http response 的头信息，连同网页代码一起。

  1. $ curl -i www.sina.com
  1. HTTP/1.0 301 Moved Permanently
  2. Date: Sat, 03 Sep 2011 23:44:10 GMT
  3. Server: Apache/2.0.54 (Unix)
  4. Location: http://www.sina.com.cn/
  5. Cache-Control: max-age=3600
  6. Expires: Sun, 04 Sep 2011 00:44:10 GMT
  7. Vary: Accept-Encoding
  8. Content-Length: 231
  9. Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
  10. Age: 3239
  11. X-Cache: HIT from sh201-9.sina.com.cn
  12. Connection: close
  14. <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
  15. <html><head>
  16. <title>301 Moved Permanently</title>
  17. </head><body>
  18. <h1>Moved Permanently</h1>
  19. <p>The document has moved <a href="http://www.sina.com.cn/">here</a>
  20. </p>
  21. </body></html>

-I 参数则是只显示 http response 的头信息，而不显示网页源码。

curl -v

-v 参数可以显示一次 http 通信的整个过程，包括端口连接和 http request 头信息。

  1. $ curl -v www.sina.com
  1. 　　* About to connect() to www.sina.com port 80 (#0)
  2. 　　* Trying 61.172.201.195... connected
  3. 　　* Connected to www.sina.com (61.172.201.195) port 80 (#0)
  4. 　　> GET / HTTP/1.1
  5. 　　> User-Agent: curl/7.21.3 (i686-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.21.3 OpenSSL/0.9.8o zlib/1.2.3.4 libidn/1.18
  6. 　　> Host: www.sina.com
  7. 　　> Accept: */*
  8. 　　> 
  9. 　　* HTTP 1.0, assume close after body
  10. 　　< HTTP/1.0 301 Moved Permanently
  11. 　　< Date: Sun, 04 Sep 2011 00:42:39 GMT
  12. 　　< Server: Apache/2.0.54 (Unix)
  13. 　　< Location: http://www.sina.com.cn/
  14. 　　< Cache-Control: max-age=3600
  15. 　　< Expires: Sun, 04 Sep 2011 01:42:39 GMT
  16. 　　< Vary: Accept-Encoding
  17. 　　< Content-Length: 231
  18. 　　< Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
  19. 　　< X-Cache: MISS from sh201-19.sina.com.cn
  20. 　　< Connection: close
  21. 　　< 
  22. 　　<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
  23. 　　<html><head>
  24. 　　<title>301 Moved Permanently</title>
  25. 　　</head><body>
  26. 　　<h1>Moved Permanently</h1>
  27. 　　<p>The document has moved <a href="http://www.sina.com.cn/">here</a>.</p>
  28. 　　</body></html>
  29. 　　* Closing connection #0

curl --trace(--trace-ascii)

如果你觉得上面 curl -v 的信息还不够，那么下面的命令可以查看更详细的通信过程。

  1. 　　$ curl --trace output.txt www.sina.com

或者

  1. 　　$ curl --trace-ascii output.txt www.sina.com

运行后，请打开 output.txt 文件查看。

发送表单信息

发送表单信息有 GET 和 POST 两种方法。GET 方法相对简单，只要把数据附在网址后面就行。

  1. $ curl example.com/form.cgi?data=xxx

POST 方法必须把数据和网址分开，curl 就要用到 -d 或 --data 参数。

  1. $ curl -X POST --data "data=xxx" example.com/form.cgi

如果你的数据没有经过表单编码，还可以让 curl 为你编码，参数是 --data-urlencode。

  1. $ curl -X POST--data-urlencode "date=April 1" example.com/form.cgi

HTTP 动词

curl 默认的 HTTP 动词是 GET，使用 -X 参数可以支持其他动词。

  1. $ curl -X POST www.example.com
  1. $ curl -X DELETE www.example.com

文件上传

假定文件上传的表单是下面这样：

  1. <form method="POST" enctype='multipart/form-data' action="upload.cgi">
  2.     <input type=file name=upload>
  3.     <input type=submit name=press value="OK">
  4. </form>

你可以用 curl 这样上传文件：

  1. $ curl --form upload=@localfilename --form press=OK upload.cgi

Referer 字段

有时你需要在 http request 头信息中，提供一个 referer 字段，表示你是从哪里跳转过来的。

  1. $ curl --referer http://www.example1.com http://www.example2.com

User Agent字段

这个字段是用来表示客户端的设备信息。服务器有时会根据这个字段，针对不同设备，返回不同格式的网页，比如手机版和桌面版。

iPhone4 的 User Agent 是

  1. Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; U; CPU iPhone OS 4_0 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/532.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0.5 Mobile/8A293 Safari/6531.22.7

curl 可以这样模拟：

  1. $ curl --user-agent "[User Agent]" [URL]

使用 --cookie 参数，可以让 curl 发送 cookie。

  1. $ curl --cookie "name=xxx" www.example.com

至于具体的 cookie 的值，可以从 http response 头信息的 Set-Cookie 字段中得到。

-c cookie-file 可以保存服务器返回的 cookie 到文件；
-b cookie-file 可以使用这个文件作为 cookie 信息，进行后续的请求。

  1. $ curl -c cookies http://example.com
  2. $ curl -b cookies http://example.com

增加头信息

有时需要在 http request 之中，自行增加一个头信息。--header 参数就可以起到这个作用。

  1. $ curl --header "Content-Type:application/json" http://example.com

HTTP 认证

有些网域需要 HTTP 认证，这时 curl 需要用到--user参数。

  1. $ curl --user name:password example.com
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