U3

未分类

1

get in the way of妨碍as they call them他们所说的They do not just wander out onto the dock at sunset and look at the world with wonder, as a poet might.他们不会像诗人那样，在日落时去码头闲逛，惊奇地观赏这个世界。Ideally
But they are very proud of their calling 他们对“科学家”这一称谓引以为傲 return the favor.)不过如此。）
3 Second, science deals almost exclusively仅仅 with things, not ideas or feelings,and with the external外部 world and its workings the basic conditions of nature on Earth are the same everywhere in the cosmos宇宙. their mode of existence.存在模式Scientists are generally reluctant勉强的 to deal with the behavior of large groups of men and women.Mankind is only questionably part of the external world in this sense.从这个意义上讲，把人类归为外部世界的一部分是有争议的。elementary particles基本粒子
5 When you come right down to it,总之the external world is anything that scientists can measure and describe in mathematical terms, and it excludes everything they cannot. 反之This means the external world is a rather hazy notion, but the idea behind it is not hazy at all.模糊frame it in a testable hypothesis构架and then testing the hypothesis假说 in a controlled environment to find out whether or not it is valid. The environment must be carefully controlled so that the extraneous 无关elements do not intrude闯入 to invalidate the experiment.from where, most scientists do not question大部分科学家不关心这一想法从何而来7 But it is the language in which results are reported and in which the work itself is done and with which it is controlled—namely, mathematics—that is perhaps the most distinctive characteristics of all.但是，科学最显著的特征也许是它使用的独特语言——数学。通过数学，科学发现得以汇报，科学工作得以完成和控制。 rational manner理性方式The old idea of the earliest Greek scientists—that the world is essentially最重要地；本质上；根本上 intelligible明白易懂的 because it is somehow conformed to the human mind—is thus converted转变 into the Pythagorean view that the world, at least the external world that is the subject matter of science科学的研究对象, is essentially mathematical and thus intelligible because the human mind is essentially mathematical, too.acquire the status of science.获得科学的身份。Where human beings have failed to find a way to measure, they have been much less successful, 他们的成就会小很多Since the 17th century17世纪以来, science has progressed a great deal and has discovered many truths, and conferred授予 many benefits that the 17th century did not know.But it has not found a new way to discover natural truthsIt instituted irrevocable建立不可更改的 changes in the way human beings live on Earth.** manipulate** 影响natural phenomena

NEW WORDS

characteristic
n.
[C]（物或人的）特征；特色；特性

characterize
vt.
（人、地方或事物）以……为特征

objective
a.
客观的；不带个人感情的

unsentimental
a.
不感情用事的；不易动感情的

observation
n.
[C,U] 观察；注意；监视

dock
n.
[C] 码头；船坞

finding
n. (usu.pl.)
研究的结果；发现

utilize
vt. (fml.)
利用；使用

claim
vt.
声称；断言；主张

exclusively
ad.
仅仅；唯独

external
a.
外部的；外面的

psychologist
n.
[C] 心理学家

cosmos
n.
[U] 宇宙

reluctant
a.
勉强的；不情愿的

economist
n.
[C] 经济学家

quantum
n.
[C] (pl. quanta) 量子

quark
n.
[C] 夸克

quasar
n.
[C] 类星体

invisible
a.
看不见的

particle
n.
[C] 粒子；质点

exclude
vt.
（故意）不包括；把……排除在外

hazy
a.
1 模糊的；不明确的
2 雾蒙蒙的；朦胧的

notion
n.
[C] 概念；观点；看法

frame
vt.
仔细地表达
n.
[C] 框架；边框

hypothesis
n.
[C] 假设；假说

valid
a.
1 有根据的；令人信服的
2（文件或票证）有效的

extraneous
a.
无关的；无直接联系的

intrude
vi.
闯入；侵扰

invalidate
vt.
1 使无效；使作废
2 证明(信念、解释等)错误

distinctive
a.
（特征、性格或外表）独特的，特别的，与众不同的

Greek
a.
希腊的；希腊人的；希腊语的

intelligible
a.
（言语，文章或想法）明白易懂的

conform
vi.
1 从众；像大多数人那样行
2 遵守，遵从（法律、规定等）

convert
v.
（使）改变（观点、原则或做事方式）

Pythagorean
毕达哥拉斯的；毕达哥拉斯学说（或哲学）的

manipulate
vt.
1（以巧妙或不诚实的方式）影响，操纵，摆布
2（熟练地）操作，使用（信息、系统等）

confer
vt.
授予（奖品、学位、权利等）

institute
v.
建立；设立；组织
n.
学院；协会；机构

irrevocable
a.
（决定、行动等）不可更改的，不可取消的，不可撤回的

PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS

put sb. / sth. down 贬低；奚落

in vain 徒劳

come down to sth. 谈论到；处理；涉及到

in the first instance 首先；起初

PROPER NAMES

the Renaissance 文艺复兴时期

iEplore2

The patches are usually a centimeter or so across.大约
It makes a flagstone pattern薄层岩砂 on the surface of the coffee, with patches斑点 of this lighter color separated from other patches by dark lines.
, you should see a whitish sheen白色光泽 on the surface.
2 These patches are what scientists call** convection**对流 "cells"
although saying it in that straight forward way misses the point: a drama is being played out at the surface of the coffee.这种简化了的解释遗漏了一点：一场好戏正在咖啡的表面上演。
and the same thing in miniature微小模型 happens in your coffee.
But this doesn't happen in a haphazard没有条理 or confusing way.
It would be an incredible experience to be there in the tiny space under the droplets but above the liquid coffee. It would be hellishly极端 hot for one thing, but you'd also be buffeted猛击 by stuff evaporating from the surface, and concerned all the while与此同时 about slipping into滑落 the downstream下行 convection (the black lines separating the clouds) and vanishing消失 into the blackness of the coffee below.
The droplets form 形成
Even from our mundane perspective (simply looking down on the cup) it should have been apparent from the start that the drops were hovering—you would have noticed that a breath scatters吹散 them instantly, like clouds before the wind, but they form again just as quickly.
4 The only place where you can see right down俯视 to the coffee surface is along只有 the black lines, as if you are seeing the surface of Venus through透过 a sudden break间隙 in its impenetrable clouds不能透过的云.
5 Less beauteous than evanescent clouds瞬息的云层 or churning convection cells对流单位, but certainly more common, is the dark ring left behind when coffee spills.
the movement of fluid流 from one place to another
the processes involved表明 turned out to be结果是 the same as seen in coffee when it was still in the cup:
Why shouldn't it dry and leave a uniform beige stain浅黄色渍 on the counter?
Each individual drop will still form a dark ring at its perimeter周边.
tested this by interfering干涉 with the normal evaporative process挥发过程.
So evaporation from the edge of the spill must have something to do with the formation形成 of the ring.
you'll see that the particles are streaming headlong慌不择路的 out to the edge of the drop.
Of course, it's not just the water that vacates留空 the center of the drop for the edges. With it goes all the dissolved溶解 and particulate颗粒 matter that exists in a cup of coffee. It is carried along, and then finally dumped at the edge of the drop when all the water has evaporated.伴随着它，一杯咖啡中所有的溶解和微粒物质都消失了。
In that case the particulate matter主要物质 was simply left where it was, form a smudge斑点.
but a few moments at the breakfast table can serve as a reminder that yes, our lives are under the influence of forces beyond our control: forces like surface tension, viscosity, evaporation and gravity.但是，吃早餐时的一会儿工夫可以提醒我们，一些不为我们所控制的力量确实在影响着我们的生活，比如表面张力、黏性、挥发和重力。
NEW WORDS

stain
n.
[C]（尤指液体形成的）污迹，污点

whitish
a.
发白的；带白色的

sheen
n.
[U]（外表的）光泽，光彩

flagstone
n.
[C] 薄层砂岩

patch
n.
[C]（与周围部分不同的）斑，小块

convection
n.
[U]（气体、液体的）对流

miniature
n.
[C] 小型物；微小的模型

haphazard
a.
无计划的；没有条理的；随意的

drama
n. [C,U]
1 戏剧性场面
2 戏剧；电视剧；广播剧

droplet
n.
[C]（液体的）小滴

condense
v.
（使）凝结；（使）冷凝

hover
v.
（鸟、昆虫）盘旋；（直升机）悬停

evaporate
v.
（使液体）气化；（使）蒸发

coalesce
v. (fml.)
联合；合并

buoy
vt.
1 使浮起
2 振奋……精神；鼓舞

trillion
n. (infml.)
大量；无数

molecule
n.
[C] 分子

suspend
vt.
1 (fml.) 悬；挂；吊
2 暂停；中止

incredible
a.
1 不可相信的；难以置信的
2 极好的；极大的

hellishly
ad. (infml.)
糟透地；极坏地；非常困难地

buffet
vt.
连续猛击；打击

vanish
vi.
（尤指莫名其妙地）突然不见，消失

mundane
a.
普通的；平凡的；平淡的；乏味的

scatter
v.
（使）分散；驱散；（使）散开

Venus
n.
金星

impenetrable
a.
不能通过的；不能看透的；无法进入的

beauteous
a.
美丽的；优美的

evanescent
a.
瞬间即逝的；短暂的

churn
v.
（使）搅动；（使）翻腾

evaporation
n.
[U] 蒸发

uniform
a.
全部相同的；一致的

beige
n.
[U] 米黄色；浅棕色

perimeter
n. [C]
1（军营等地的）周边，边缘
2 周长

Interfere
vi.
介入；干涉；干预

evaporative
a.
成为蒸汽的；蒸发的

formation
n.
[U] 形成

headlong
ad.
仓促地；慌不择路地

vacate
vt.
腾出；空出；搬出

dissolved
a.
溶解的

particulate
a.
微粒的；颗粒的

dump
vt.
乱放；乱堆；乱扔

virtually
ad.
实际上；几乎；差不多

irregularity
n.
[C] 不平整；不均匀；不光滑

contract
vi.
缩小；收缩；缩短

maintain
vt.
保持；维持

migrate
vi.
1（鸟或兽） 移栖，迁徙
2（尤指为找工作）移居，迁移

smudge
n.
[C] 污迹；污斑；污痕

sip
vt.
小口地喝；抿；呷

gulp
vt.
大口吞咽；快速吞下

stimulate
vt.
激发；鼓励；激励

viscosity
n.
[U] 黏稠；黏性

PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS

play out 演出；把（戏）演完

buoy up （使）浮起；（使）飘起

account for 作出解释；作出说明

PROPER NAMES

Sid Nagel （人名）锡德•内格尔

James Franck Institute 詹姆斯•弗兰克研究所

University of Chicago 芝加哥大学（一所位于美国伊利诺伊芝加哥的私立研究型大学）

Teflon 特富龙不粘涂料

Isaac Newton 艾萨克•牛顿（美国著名物理学家、数学家）